Paracetamol: History, Structure and Dangers

Paracetamol: History, Structure and Dangers What is Paracetamol? Contingent upon where you live on the planet, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide is known as Paracetamol or acetaminophen with the sub-atomic equation of C8H9NO2. Paracetamol or acetaminophen has a place with a gathering of medications which have pain relieving (torment reliever) and antipyretic (fever reliever) properties. Thus it is utilized for remembering an individual of gentle to direct agony including cerebral pain, joint torment and toothache. In Addition to controlling fever (high temperature) Paracetamol can likewise be utilized to remember side effects of cold. History of Paracetamol The history and disclosure of Paracetamol is interesting as it was found unintentionally when a comparable atom acetanilide was put to use as a pain relieving and antipyretic medication in the late 1800s. At the methodology of twentieth century the disclosure and amalgamation of medication depended on unadulterated possibility, as researchers haphazardly tried new mixes on guineas pigs (fundamentally people, with no attention to their conceivable reactions) to look at both their constructive and contrary impacts. The disclosure of Paracetamol can be connected with the revelation of acetanilide which was the principal subsidiary of aniline (see figure 1.1) to be found to contain pain relieving and antipyretic properties. Figure 1.1 shows the structure of the natural compound aniline Acetanilide was combined when the aniline increased an auxiliary amide gathering. This happened when aniline was responded with ethanoic anhydride, bringing about the creation of C8H6NCOCH3 and CH3COOH (ethanoic corrosive). The condition for the response is as per the following: C6H5NH2 + (CH3CO)2O â†' C6H5NHCOCH3 + CH3COOH Not long after the disclosure acetanilide (see Figure 1.2) was delivered to be utilized in treatment in 1886, and it stayed being used for quite a while because of the fact that it was so modest to mass produce. The painkilling properties of the manufactured natural compound acetanilide were great yet it must be relinquished due its high poisonousness in moderate dosages. For instance, it was known to meddle with the capacity of the oxygen-conveying color hemoglobin which caused cyanosis in patients. Figure 1.2 shows the structure of the natural compound acetanilide Therefore another inquiry started which lead to the disclosure of another subordinate called N-4-(- Ethoxyphenyl)ethanamide(see figure 1.3). Amazingly the new subsidiary contained a similar pain relieving and antipyretic properties yet was less poisonous than acetanilide. The primary combination was accounted for in 1878 by Harmon Northrop Morse (3). It wasn’t until 1886 this new medication was advertised under the name phenacetin. It stays being used from that point onward however the use has declined due its unfortunate symptoms on the liver. In spite of the fact that Phenacetin I despite everything being utilized today in certain pieces of the nation, it was prohibited in USA by the FDA in 1983 after exploration indicated it had antagonistic symptoms, for example, kidney harm. Figure 1.3 shows the structure of the natural compound Phenacetin At long last, in 1893 a German doctor Joseph von Mering figured out how to improve phenacetin bringing about the creation of Paracetamol. Shockingly, Joseph Von Mering erroneously imagined that Paracetamol had comparable unfavorable impacts as acetanilide did and consequently overlooked the revelation. It wasn’t until the 1940’s when this misconception was evacuated after examination demonstrated that Paracetamol was the primary metabolite of phenacetin (see figure 1.4) and possibly caused the ideal reactions. Further investigations demonstrated that it was the other minor metabolite that caused the negative impacts and that Paracetamol was liable for the constructive outcomes. This at long last prompted Paracetamol being put to utilize an engineered medication in 1953 and its being utilized from that point onward. Today Paracetamol is made by various distinctive pharmaceutical organizations with various brand names. In the UK alone there are more than ninety over the counter meds which contain Paracetamol. Paracetamol is once in a while joined with different medications, for example, decongestants (gives alleviation to blocked nose). Figure 1.4 Shows Paracetamol as the significant metabolite (99%) of Phenacetin (5) Instrument of activity For diminishing temperature Paracetamol is accepted to follow up on a locale of the cerebrum called the nerve center which is answerable for guideline of internal heat level. Paracetamol diminishes torment by legitimately meddling with synthetic substances in the body called prostaglandins. These prostaglandins demonstration much like hormones (concoction errand people) yet don't move to different destinations, they stay in the cell in which they were orchestrated in. Prostaglandin are believed to be associated with the widening of veins which cause torment. Paracetamol is perceived by the compound which is answerable for the biosynthesis of prostaglandins in the body. Paracetamol represses the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Along these lines, decrease in the quantity of prostaglandin diminish the attention to torment in the body. Threats of Paracetamol Paracetamol is an intense medication which is effectively accessible with no solution, even little overdoses can be lethal, in light of the fact that it is utilized into both poisonous and non-harmful items in the liver. Therefore, Paracetamol is regularly utilized as self destruction sedate. Paracetamol overdose can cause liver disappointment since it is a hepatoxic, which means even in moderate portions it can make harm hepatocytes (liver cells). Individuals who use Paracetamol as methods for self destruction pass on from liver harm and the vast majority of the harming is because of a metabolite of Paracetamol called quinone amine (see figure 1.5). Quinone amine is perilously poisonous and is killed from the body in the liver by a response with glutathione (a tripeptide). Inadequate degrees of glutathione implies the harmful quinone amine won't be killed and begins to develop. In the long run it will begin to respond with nucleic acids and cell proteins in the liver causing changeless harm and inevitably passing. References CSID:5889, http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5889.html (got to 19:47, Oct 31, 2014) CSID:880, http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.880.html (got to 20:47, Oct 31, 2014) H. N. Morse (1878). Ueber eine neue Darstellungsmethode der Acetylamidophenole. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 11 (1): 232â€233. doi:10.1002/cber.18780110151 CSID:4590, http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4590.html (got to 16:21, Nov 1, 2014) Ellis, Frank. Paracetamol an educational plan recource . RSC, http://www.rsc.org/learn-science/content/filerepository/CMP/00/000/047/Paracetamol_web.pdf. (gotten to 21:1, Nov 1, 2014.]

Web Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Web Development - Essay Example As the house is almost due the opening, he mentioned a live-working site in elevated expectation, with easy to use and simple route qualities. In this report, the experience of building up the RS Holiday House site is pondered and based the aptitude regions learned in the workshop meetings. The undertaking objective was, additionally to investigate interchange procedures, execute capacities utilizing HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript and permit us to submit online by making the site more easy to understand. The need territory was to build up a site to show data about the business that the RS Holiday House offers and the capacity to book a reservation. The creation procedure is spoken to in the arrangement delineated underneath. The procedure of web improvement changes from building up the most straightforward static pages with plain content to the profoundly perplexing online electronic organizations, informal organization site or Internet applications (Alexander, 2009), (Shelly, Cashman, and Vermaat, 2005), and (Shelly, Cashman, and Vermaat, 2005). The arranging procedure starts with the conference between the customer and the engineer. In this period of the site improvement, I have assembled client prerequisites. At this stage, a conversation was done with the client in regards to his necessities. I additionally investigated the fundamental regions that will be tended to or canvassed in the site. This procedure was a decent practice which, I have learned in the task led before on in week three. During this period, I had the chance to evaluate the two sides of a customer and a designer job. Knowing now how to pose right inquiries to discover customers necessities helped me to realize how to set myself up f or this undertaking. The result of the customer engineer discussion was that the site should deal with the best quality. It ought to likewise be straightforward be that as it may, current. One of the client’s prerequisites was that the client would have the option to book a reservation immediately from the site. As the business

Useful Resources for Teaching Essays Richmond Writing

Useful Resources for Teaching Essays Richmond Writing Ive come across several new-to-me resources for teaching essays.   Despite the fact that these sites are variously geared towards creative nonfiction or literary nonfiction, these resources should be of general use for any writing-related course, particularly considering the malleability of those genre labels. The first, Brevity, is an online magazine devoted to the Art and Craft of Creative Nonfiction.   The magazine contains lots of interesting essays, but the craft essays might be of particular interest for teaching. The Brevity site also links to a blog called You Gotta Teach This Essay, which is a forum where teachers share information on those essays that [they have found] particularly useful in teaching the art and craft of literary nonfiction.   The entries generally contain synopses of the essays, suggestions for pedagogical approaches, and links to the texts (when possible) or other information on locating the texts. From You Gotta Teach This Essay, I ended up browsing Quotidiana, a repository of 340 public-domain essays.   Aside from general interest humanities applications, this site might have particular relevance for the CORE course, for History courses, for Womens Studies (especially given the separate drop-down menu highlighting the women essayists included in the archive), or possibly for Political Science settings.

Cop And Robber Reinventing Stereotypes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 880 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Stereotypes Essay Did you like this example? The 1999 film begins at The MET where a stolen valuable Monet painting brings together the self-possessed insurance investigator Catherine Banning and the culprit, self-made billionaire Thomas Crown. While Banning was not the lead investigator on this case, she took matters into her own hands and intrigued Crown by cutting straight to the chase leading on that she knew he was guilty. The two then begin what seems to be a game of cat and mouse ultimately becoming a whirlwind romance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cop And Robber Reinventing Stereotypes" essay for you Create order Susan Bordos Beauty (Re)discovers the Male Body discusses how The disjunction between self-conception and external judgment can be especially harsh when the external definitions carry gender stereotypes with them.(134) Although the film may seem to reinforce stereotypes by subjecting Banning to the male gaze in her introduction, it instead is reinventing John Bergers theory that men act and women appear because there is much more to Banning than is lead on. Bergers theory that men act and women appear is used to defy the male and female relationship. It implies that men look at women while the women watch themselves being looked at. An example of this is the Nautica ad where the men are unaware of their own appearances, but the woman nonetheless is aware of hers and of the men ogling at her. Much like the way Banning was introduced with her legs exposed to the male eyes and the way the camera slowly made its way up giving her a sense of mystery. However, the film reminds viewers to not be fooled by her character as Catherine Banning does nothing to please men it is all simply for her own amusement. She finds pleasure in the game she and Crown play as does he essentially making them the perfect match for each other. While Banning encounters typical feelings of self-doubt when she sees photographs of Crown with another woman, she greatly exudes confidence every other moment of the film. As Banning and Crowns relationship grows Banning begins to develop feelings for Crown and vice versa. When McCann shows these images to Banning it was expected of her to feel hurt as would any human but Banning confronted Crown and acted with courage showing that she was tough. In fact, she and Crown are very much alike, as Charles Taylor suggests Crown and Banning are mirror images of each other (par. 2) they both are these rags to riches individuals whose rigid personalities and wisdom has bought them to where they are now. They both defy the Industrial Revolution stereotype which implies that men should not worry about grooming they should worry about being the breadwinner. Crown, of course, is always well groomed as he is shown in various suits and getting tailored. Banning herself proves that she is her own breadwinner by showing she is sharper and more intelligent than McCann, the detective, solving the crime. Bordo furthers that women should worry about their looks and apparel , if failed to do so, they are labeled as feminist and the opposite goes for males, yet both dont fret as their appearance comes naturally to them and does not create the audience to question their femininity nor masculinity. As the two play, this game of cat and mouse they both fight over who has the upper hand in the relationship eventually being Banning. Although times are offered where she shows weakness, for example, the end scene where she is shown sobbing due to believing Crown has stood her up. However, when she sees him behind her, leaps over the seats and jokingly threatens Crown saying she will break both his arms, she regains her power. As Susan Bordo states Nowadays, the act/appear duality is even less meaningful, as the cultivation of the suitably fit appearance has become not just a matter of sexual allure but a demonstration that one has the right stuff: will, discipline, the ability to stop whining and ?just do it. (172-173) Banning herself has that will and ability, she truly wastes no time in getting down to business. She shows that she isnt just the object of attention but rather a more complex woman who is willing to do whatever it takes to obtain what she wants. To conclude, although the film seems to reinforce stereotypes it ultimately reinvents them. Banning starts as the center of the male gaze but she is in fact much more intricate offering an abundance of personalities. She has her moments of self-doubt, but she radiates confidence. Unlike Bordos student who had self-image issues and felt the need to hide behind makeup, Banning is assured and has such elegance that comes naturally. She and Crown are very much alike which makes them a dynamic duo. The two do nothing but lounge around and try to outdo each other in a game of cat and mouse that intrigues them to one another. Overall, the film offered minimal scenes that showed Banning falling into the stereotypes but overall, she overpowered them like the larger than life woman she is. At length, all these elements appeal to the adult audience of both males and females as it represents norms being defied and teaches society that they do not have to settle for what they are set out to be by others.

The Best and Worst Trees for an Urban Forest

It has been determined by the United States Forest Service that nearly 80 percent of the U.S. population lives in urban areas that have developed a dependent  relationship with  the social, economic, and ecological  systems  near cities and suburbs.  Although quite  different from wildland forests, these urban forests have many challenges associated with healthy growth just as rural forests do. A large part of urban forest management includes planting the right tree for the appropriate site. The distribution of urban tree cover and the benefits of urban forests will  vary across the United States and requires addressing the challenges of sustaining this important resource with the best trees for every sites potential.   Top Trees to Plant in the Urban Landscape Overcup Oak or Quercus lyrata: Actually, most  oaks are great in urban settings, but many are very slow growers, Overcup oak is also slow but quickly reaches 40.  It is recommended to plant in all but the Northcentral states.  Red Maple or Acer rubrum: This maple is a ubiquitous, wide-ranging, native tree. It adapts well to most soils and sites and thrives under urban conditions. It also is an early harbinger  of fall as it turns color well in advance of most eastern deciduous tree species.  White Oak or Quercus alba: This is the other oak recommended and can be planted in nearly every state in the US. It is similar to lyrata and easy to find in most nurseries.  Green Ash or  Fraxinus pennsylvanica: This tree is native to eastern North America and common west to Wyoming and Colorado but will grow in every state in the U.S. The tree is fast growing on moist sites and hardy once established. It is best grown as a single tree with adequate room to grow but to be avoided wh ere the emerald ash borer is endemic.Crapemyrtle or Lagerstroemia: This small tree is the most common southern street and yard tree planted in a wide range that encircles the US from New Jersey through the deep South, Texas, Southern California and to the Pacific Northwest. There are cold hardy  varies like Northern Crapemyrtle,  Lagerstroemia  indica  that can be planted through zone 5.Dogwood or Cornus florida: This small showy all-season tree is possibly the favorite of yards and parks in all of the United States (with the exception of the middle upper western states).Japanese Maple or Acer palmatum: These trees have extraordinary shapes and are very popular in yards and open landscapes. As with dogwood, they are not hardy  in the middle upper western states.Baldcypress or Taxodium distichum: This tree is becoming the most popular tree in urban landscapes. It is hardy in all but the driest of states.  Others include the red oaks, a return of disease-resistant  Ameri can elm varieties and American linden (American basswood.) Urban and city forests are an essential component of America’s â€Å"green infrastructure† which makes the care and management of these city trees extremely important. Having the wrong trees (many of which are invasive), when added to natural (insects, diseases, wildfire, floods, ice and wind storms) and social problems (over development, air pollution, and inadequate management) makes for challenges as urban expansion continues. Top Trees NOT to Plant in the Urban Landscape Mimosa or Albizia julibrissin:  short-lived and very messy in any landscape.Silver maple or Acer sacharinum:  very messy, ornamentally dull, aggressive rootsLeyland Cypress or Cupressocyparis leylandii:   quickly outgrows space, short-lived.Lombardy Poplar or Populus nigra: canker-prone, with litter and short life.Popcorn tree or Sapium sibiferum: invasive tree species.Chinaberry or Melia azedarach: Invades disturbed areas to become thickets.Royal Paulownia or Paulownia tomentosa:  Invades disturbed areas to become thickets.Bradford Pear or Pyrus calleryana  Bradford:  Invades disturbed areas to become thickets.Siberian Elm or Ulmus pumila:  Invades pastures, roadsides, and prairiesTree of Heaven or Ailanthus  altissima:  Forms dense, clonal thickets, highly invasive.

Albania still bears the traces Free Essays

Albania, one of Europe’s smallest and isolated countries is also one of the most ancient countries in Europe. Yet its beauty and splendor, its rich natural resources and its extraordinary tradition of hospitality are just few of the many reasons why the outside world should be interested in this country (Konitza 10). Albania still bears the traces of its turbulent past, a history that has been the story of a never-ending succession of invasion and defense, of subjection and revolt. We will write a custom essay sample on Albania still bears the traces or any similar topic only for you Order Now At one time or another, Greeks and Romans, Goths and Byzantines, Serbs and Bulgars, Sicilians and Venetians, Normans and Turks have poured into the country and held it for varying periods (Hamm 3). Many historians believed that the people of Albania descended from a non-Slavic, non-Turkic group of tribes known as Illyrians, who arrived in the Balkans around 2000 BC. The modern Albanians can still be distinguished from Ghegs (northern tribes) and Tosks (southern tribes). After falling under Roman authority in 165 BC, Albania was controlled nearly continuously by a succession of foreign powers such as the Byzantine Empire in the 11th century which made the first recorded reference to a land known as Albania and its people. The Ottoman Empire also ruled Albania form 1385-1912 and it was during this time that much of the populations were converted to Islam.   There were revolts made against the Ottoman, the most famous was led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skenderbeg which eventually became Albania’s national hero.   But efforts failed as the Ottomans eventually reasserted their dominance. The hundred of years of Ottoman rule weakened during the early 20th century as Albanian nationalism heightened.   This eventually ended with the conclusion of the First Balkan War, and the Vlore Proclamation of Independence on November 28, 1912. When the Second World War broke, Albania was occupied by different countries.   First by Italy (1939-43) and then by Germany (1943-44). After the war, Communism ruled Albania for forty years through the Communist Party leader Enver Hoxha.   During this time, Albania adhered to a strict Stalinist philosophy through a combination of ruthlessness and strategic alliances and most of the population was subjected to purges, shortages, repression of civil and political rights, a total ban on religious observance, and increased isolation.   In 1991, Communism fall and the Albanian society struggled to overcome its historical isolation and underdevelopment by seeking closer ties with the West in order to improve economic conditions. During this time the basic democratic reforms, including a multi-party system was introduced.   Albania’s fragile democratic structures were strengthened by democrats, then socialists; from presidential to parliamentary which eventually ushered in a new period of political stability, making possible significant progress in democratic and economic reforms, rule of law initiatives, and the development of Albania’s relations with its neighbors and the United States.   (Frasheri 25).   The Albanian.com website mentioned that Albania adopted the Parliamentary democratic type of government with executive branch; the President of the Republic (chief of state), the Prime Minister (head of the government), Council of Ministries (appointed by the President); the legislative branch-Peoples Assembly (a unicameral type, 140 seats) and the Judicial branch (the Supreme court and all other).   Its police and security forces have shown effectiveness.   Each security or police organization–the Sigurimi, the Frontier Guards, and the People’s Police–constituted a separate directorate within the ministry; each had a larger proportion of personnel who were party members than the armed forces because of the need for political reliability. Albania’s relations with the outside world are mainly concerned with preservation of its territorial integrity and independence. Albania maintains generally good relations with its foreign neighbors such as Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Kosovo, Italy and Greece It also enjoys friendly and cooperative bilateral relations with the U.S as Pro-U.S. sentiment is widespread among the population. The strength of the government is supported with its Armed forces which includes ground forces, air and air defense forces, and naval forces and comprised about 48,000 active-duty and 155,000 reserve personnel. According to the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, Albania’s economy is considered the poorest in Europe. This is maybe due to the fact that Albania has been isolated and underdeveloped for centuries. Economists estimated the gross domestic product per capita at about US$450 in 1990. Latest figures (2005) shows 5.5% Real GDP growth with an inflation rate of 2.4% and unemployment rate by 14.2%.   Despite significant progress in the twentieth century, Albania still lagged far behind the other European nations economically. The economic policy insisted on rigid centralization and forced industrialization despite Albania’s small size and lack of skilled workers, able administrators, and farmers capable of producing key raw materials and enough grain to feed the population. Albania has abundant literate workforce but unemployed and unskilled workers but few jobs are available in the country.   Because of this, thousands of desperate Albanians fled abroad seeking jobs because of the wretched standard of living and limited economic opportunity at home. The social structure of the country was basically tribal until the 1930s but increasing contact with the outside world and invasions and occupations by foreign armies had gradually weakened tribal society.   Traditionally there have been two major cultures in the Albanian nation: the Gegs in the north and the Tosks in the south. The Gegs, partly Roman Catholic but mostly Muslim, lived until after World War II in a mountain society characterized by blood feuds and fierce clan and tribal loyalties. The Tosks, whose number included many Muslims as well as Orthodox Christians, were less culturally isolated mainly because of centuries of foreign influence. Kinship and tribal affiliations, a common spoken language, and enduring folk customs provided continuity and a sense of community. Foreign influence was inevitable, however. Additions and modifications to the language were made as a result of Latin, Greek, Slavic, and Turkish contacts. Lacking an organized religion as part of their Illyrian heritage, Albanians adopted the Muslim, Orthodox, and Roman Catholic faiths brought to them by their conquerors. In Albania, the basic unit of society was the extended family, usually composed of a couple, their married sons, the wives and children of the sons, and any unmarried daughters. The extended family formed a single residential and economic entity held together by common ownership of means of production and common interest in the defense of the group. Such families often included scores of persons, and, as late as 1944, some encompassed as many as sixty to seventy persons living in a cluster of huts surrounding the father’s house. For centuries, the family was the basic unit of the country’s social structure. To a great extent, the privacy of the family supplanted that of the state. Children were brought up to respect their elders and, above all, their father, whose word was law within the confines of his family (Marmullaku 82-85). Whether its in the past or present, ancient or modern, young or old, Muslim or Christian, rich or poor, north or south, urban or rural, monarchist or socialist: the extremes of Albanian society are vivid and its tensions palpable. Albania is more like a framework, a stable structure of rigid poles positioned in space –and linked together by flexible cables. The cables are stressed but, barring catastrophe, they will not snap. Albania, a land that is very beautiful, is still struggling to leave its communist past and the almost eternal post communism transition behind and find the right route to economical, political, and social stability and prosperity. Works Cited Albanian Information.   Albanian Government .Available:   http://www.albanian.com/information/countries/albania/index.html Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Country Studies. Available:   http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/altoc.html Frasheri, Kristo. The History of Albania. Tiranà «: Naim Frasheri State, 1964. Hamm, Harry.   Albania–China’s Beachhead in Europe.   New York:   Praeger, 1963. Konitza, Faik. â€Å"Albania: The Rock Garden of Southeastern Europe.†Ã‚   Pages Panarity (ed.), Albania: The Rock Garden   of Southeastern Europe and Other Essays. Boston:Pan-Albanian Federation of America, 1957. Marmullaku, Ramadan. Albania and the Albanians. Hamden, New York: Archon Books, 1975. How to cite Albania still bears the traces, Papers

Microeconomics Stockholders And Managers - Click to Get Solution

Question: 1. Outline a plan that managers in the low-calorie, frozen microwaveable food company could follow in anticipation of raising prices when selecting pricing strategies for making their products response to a change in price less elastic. Provide a rationale for your response. 2. Examine the major effects that government policies have on production and employment. Predict the potential effects that government policies could have on your company. 3. Determine whether or not government regulation to ensure fairness in the low-calorie, frozen microwavable food industry is needed. Cite the major reasons for government involvement in a market economy. Provide two (2) examples of government involvement in a similar market economy to support your response. 4. Examine the major complexities that would arise under expansion via capital projects. Propose key actions that the company could take in order to prevent or address these complexities. 5. Suggest the substantive manner in which the c ompany could create a convergence between the interests of stockholders and managers. Indicate the most likely impact to profitability of such a convergence. Provide two (2) examples of instances that support your response. Answer: The assignment will analyze a case of low-calorie frozen microwavable food company, which is discussed in the previous assignments. It will analyze the strategies adopted by the firm when the cost of production has increased. The paper will examine the effect of government policies on production decision and employment. In addition to this the paper will discuss which policies of the government ensure fairness in this particular industry. Further, the paper will discuss the complexities faced by the firm while expanding via capital investment. The paper will also suggest the way in which the convergences between interests of stockholders and managers will be established. Pricing Strategy The low-calorie, frozen microwaveable food company competes in a competitive market. The costs of major ingridients have been increased. Therefore, it might force the firm to increase its price. While taking its pricing strategy, the firm has to keep in mind that a hike in the price of the commodity may hinder its sales. Moreover, rise in price may lead to social unrest (Bellemare, 2015). This is because, if the price is high, consumer will buy less. However, the cornerstone of the pricing strategy is the foundation of theory of price elasticity. If the elasticity of demand is high, then a rise in price will lead to a significant fall in demand. Then the firm will lose market share. In contrast, if the demand is less elastic, then the rise in price will not affect the quantity sold. As found in the previous assignment, the low-calorie, frozen microwaveable food is elastic in nature. Hence, it is expected that if this firm increases price of its product, then the demand will fall dras tically. Hence, even if the cost of inputs has increased, the company cannot increase its price to cover the cost . However, this company can adopt price discrimination strategy, by charging different prices for different groups of consumers or different price for different units sold (Baumol Blinder, 2015). However, in spite of depending upon the demand elasticity of the product itself, the company can focus on adopting some strategies that will make its product as inelastic as possible. The company can provide certain extra features in its products and services. It can also ensure the customers about their high quality foods. Moreover, it can go for world class marketing, so that the consumers perceive their product as different. In this ways, the microwaveable food company can make their product inelastic in nature. Hence, their decision of raising price will not lead to loss of market share. Another important thing of this case that must be mentioned is that, the cost of ingredients has been increased. The inputs or the raw materials for this low-calorie, frozen microwavable food is same for all firms under this industry. The industry is a duopoly market as discussed in the previous assignment. Therefore, cost of production of another firm has also increased. Hence, the company consi dered in this assignment, is not alone who is suffering from the hike in the rice of inputs (Poelman et al., 2014). It can also change its production process to overcome the increased cost of raw materials. The companys focus will be to keeping price same as before. Otherwise, it has to emphasis on making its product less elastic, so that a price change has less effect on its amount of sales. It will compete with its competitor and expected to be engaged in a price-war (Wang et al., 2015). Effect of Government policies on Production and Employment Government implements rules and regulations in its policies to guide business. It cannot intervene or force a firm in taking its decision directly in a competitive market. But still it has some influences on profitability and competitiveness of the business. In this case, the government can specify which product is to be produced or what should be the production process. Here, the company is producing low-calorie frozen microwavable foods. The government can put in effect some policies which can regulate the food production to protect consumers from any damage (Nicosia Pacifici, 2012). Hence, the low-calorie frozen microwavable food company must ensure that they are adhered to the standard set by the government. Failure to meet those norms will lead to a legal issue that will be faced by the company. Moreover, if the problem of the economy is obesity, then the government will encourage the production of this type of foods, which is of low-calorie. It might give subsidy to the compan y, if it thinks the production of this kind of food is generating welfare in the society (Hawkes et al., 2015). Oppositely, if the population requires healthy foods then the government might not encourage production of this kind of packaged food. The government can also penalize if the packaged food is processed a way before it is in the store (Gan et al., 2013). Periodical report on the quality of the food must be submitted to the concerned department of government for verification. Like production, the government can also affect the employment of this industry (Harvey, 2014). This means that, it can regulate the way the firm follows while recruitment and sometimes regulate the minimum wage given by the company to its workers. Every firm or business unit have to follow the rules set by the government. A low-calorie frozen microwavable food producing company will also be impacted by these policies taken by government, as they must follow the norms and regulations regarding the number of employment and minimum wage (Meer West, 2015). The company must not fail to follow the policies; otherwise it will lose reputation and will be heavily penalized. Ensuring fairness in the industry by Government The low-calorie frozen microwaveable food industry is an example of duopoly, as discussed in the previous assignment. It is necessary to enact rules in this industry to maintain fairness. Though there are supposedly two giants in this industry, there are also small businesses, which are unable to capture the market share due to tough competition. In this duopoly market the firms can utilize their well-position and power to manipulate the price. This will be an unfair competition with no level playing field. To control this unfairness to the small enterprises, the government can regulate the price of the product (Bond Goldstein, 2015). By this way, the government is supporting to survive the small and medium firms. Therefore, the government is ensuring the fairness in the market which is required by this industry. It is necessary for the government to interfere in the market economy for certain reasons. The large firm can exploit officials to get some favors or can manipulate the report after the scrutinizing quality of the processed foods. However, the small firms may not have the courage or sufficient ability in this regard. Hence, government must strictly regulate the activities of these large firms. Moreover, the government should intervene in this industry in order to distribute resources to every firm according to their need. If the distribution is left in the hand of market economy, the powerful firms can acquire all raw materials, and there will be an induced-scarcity of food. To avoid these circumstances, the government intervenes in this market economy. This kind of market intervention can be seen in case of international trade, where government imposes import substitution policy to protect domestic small businesses in front of the global competition. Complexities under expansion through capital project A firm might alter its production process or might expand its business in order to be more competitive in the market. By investing in capital project a firm attain new asset. Hence, it requires capital involvement to modify its business. However, such projects might face some complexities. The main problem that arises is that such project requires huge capital, which may lack. So due to lack of sufficient cash, the project implementation might be hindered. Moreover, even if there is sufficient funding, the project cannot be taken forward if there is no proper planning. A low-calorie frozen microwavable food company cannot achieve good results if it does not plan effectively regarding its capital investment. In the long-run capital project the firm might set up a new business unit in a new city or new country. There may be any political issues or even less demand for this kind of processed food. If in the mid of the project some difficulties found, the amount invested will be lost tot ally. In order to avoid such complexities, the firm must take certain measures. Before, implementing such plans, the company must check whether it has sufficient cash requirement, apart from any loans taken, to initiate the project. It must have proper planning about every single detail about the project (Hessler, 2016). Moreover, the company should go through a prior analysis of the particular market where it wants to set up a business. So while expansion via capital project, the firm must have some idea about the market of its new project. Moreover, to avoid complexities in future capital investment project, the company should engage its resources in R D to trim down its cost of new project. Convergence between interest of stockholders and managers The stockholders are mainly the directors of the company. They always want to increase the value of their share. Similarly, the managers also have the same interest. Hence, they are always found in conflicts regarding their interest. It is crucial for the company to establish convergence between the interests of these two parties. Some strategies can create union among them. Providing remuneration of the managers according to their performance can guarantee the convergence between the shareholders and managers. For example, if the shareholders, specifically the board of directors decides to award the managers by giving them stock options, then the motivation of the managers will be enhanced (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). They will further perform hard to increase the value of the companys share. Thus as share value increases the stockholders will be benefitted. There will be a convergence of interests of managers and shareholders. The most likely impact of profitability of this conv ergence is that, providing stock options to the managers of the company might also make them stockholders at some period of time. Hence, the interests of managers get associated with the interest of the stockholders. As a result of this the managers will be dedicated to serve the welfare of stockholders (Kieschnick, Laplante Moussawi, 2013). In this way, the value of this company will increase, as more shareholders will be attracted. The performances of the managers will be good enough. Hence, the low calorie frozen microwavable food company will be benefitted as a whole, as the interests of managers and shareholders has converged. References Baumol, W., Blinder, A. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. 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